The Mohawk Indian chief Joseph Brant served as a spokesman for his people, a Christian missionary of the Anglican church, and a British military officer during the U.S. War of Independence. He is remembered for his efforts in unifying upper New York Indian tribes and leading them in terrorizing raids against patriot communities in support of Great Britian's efforts to repress the rebellion. He is also credited for the establishment of the Indian reservation on the Grand River in Canada where the neighboring town of Brantford, Ontario, bears his name.

Brant was born in 1742 on the banks of the Ohio River and given the Indian name of Thayendanegea, meaning "he places two bets." He inherited the status of Mohawk chief from his father. He attended Moor's Charity School for Indians in Lebanon, Connecticut, where he learned to speak English and studied Western history and literature. He became an interpreter for an Anglican Missionary, the Reverend John Stuart, and together they translated the prayer book and the Gospel of Mark into Mohawk. Molly Brant, Joseph's sister, married General Sir William Johnson who was the British superintendent for northern Indian affairs. Sir William was called to duty during the last French and Indian War of 1754-1763. Joseph followed Sir William into battle at the age of 13, along with the other Indian braves at the school.

Following this frightening experience, Joseph returned to school for a short period. Sir William had need of an interpreter and aid in his business with the Indians and employed Joseph in this prestigious position. In his work with Sir William, Joseph discovered a trading company that was buying discarded guns from the Army, filling cracks in the barrels with lead, and then selling them to Indians. The guns would explode when fired, often injuring the owner. Joseph was able to prove this in court and the trading company's license was revoked.

It was the custom for young men not to marry until they had made their mark, and Joseph was now prepared to choose a wife. Around 1768 he married Christine, the daughter of an Oneida chief, whom he had met in school. They had both Indian and Anglican wedding ceremonies and lived on a farm which Joseph had inherited. Christine died of tuberculosis around 1771, leaving Joseph with a son and a daughter. During this time, Joseph resumed his religous work, translating the Acts of the Apostles into the Mohawk language. In 1773, he married Susannah, sister of his first wife. Susannah died a few months later, also of tuberculosis. In 1774 he was appointed secretary to Sir William's successor, Guy Johnson. In 1775 he received a captain's commission and was sent to England to assess whether the British would or would not help the Mohawk recover their lands. He met with the King on two occasions and a dinner was held in his honor.

While in England, Brant attended a performance of Romeo and Juliet. Lady Ossory, a member of a famous Irish family, asked him, "What do you think of that kind of love-making, Captain Brant?" He replied, "There is too much of it, your ladyship." "Why do you say that?', and Joseph answered quickly, "Because, your ladyship, no lover worth a lady's while would waste his time and breath in all that speech-making. If my people were to make love in that way our race would be extinct in two generations." [Monture, p. 36]

On his return to the colonies, he saw action in the Battle of Long Island in August 1776. He led four of the six nations of the Iroquois League in attacks against colonial outposts on the New York frontier. The Iroquois League was a confederation of upper New York State Indian tribes formed between 1570 and 1600 who called themselves "the people of the long house." Initially it was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. After the Tuscarora joined in 1722, the league became known to the English as the Six Nations and was recognized as such in Albany, New York, in 1722. They were better organized and more effective, especially in warfare, than other Indian confederacies in the region. As the longevity of this union would suggest, these Indians were more advanced socially than is often thought. Benjamin Franklin even cited their success in his argument for the unification of the colonies. They lived in comfortable homes, often better than those of the colonists, raised crops, and sent hunters to Ohio to supply meat for those living back in New York. These hunters were usually young braves or young married couples, as was the case with Joseph Brant's parents.

During the U.S. War of Independence a split developed in the Iroquois league, with the Oneida and Tuscarora favoring the American cause while the others fought for the British under the leadership of Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant. A few of the leaders favored a neutral stance, preferring to let the white men kill each other rather than become involved. Brant feared that the Indians would lose their lands if the colonists achieved independence. Basic to animosities between Indians and whites was the difference in views over land ownership. The Indians felt that the land was for the use of everyone and so initially saw no reason to not welcome the Europeans. The colonists, on the other hand, were well acquainted with the priviledges of ownership (or lack thereof) and were eager to acquire land of their own.

Brant commanded the Indians in the Battle of Oriskany on August 6, 1777. In early 1778 he gathered a force of Indians from the villages of Unadilla and Oquaga on the Susquehanna River. On September 17, 1778 they destroyed German Flats near Herkimer, New York. The patriots retalliated under the leadership of Col. William Butler and destroyed Unadilla and Oquaga on October 8th and 10th. Brant's forces, along with loyalists under Capt. Walter N. Butler, then set out to destroy the town and fort at Cherry Valley. There were 200-300 men stationed at the fort but they were unprepared for the attack on August 11, 1778. The attackers killed some 30 men, women, and children, burned houses, and took 71 prisoners. They killed 16 soldiers at the fort but withdrew the following day when 200 patriot reinforcements arrived. The settlement was abandoned and the event came to be known as the "Cherry Valley Massacre." Brant won a formidable reputation after this raid and in cooperation with loyalists and British regulars, he brought fear and destruction to the entire Mohawk Valley, southern New York, and northern Pennsylvania. He thwarted the attempts of a rival chief, Red Jacket, to persuade the Iroquois to make peace with the revolutionaries. In 1779, U.S. Major General John Sullivan led a retaliatory expedition of 3700 men against the Iroquois, destroying fields, orchards, granaries, and their morale. The Iroquois were defeated near present-day Elmira, N.Y. In spite of this, Indian raids persisted until the end of the war and many homesteads had to abandoned. The Iroquois League came to an end after admitting defeat in the Second Treaty of Ft. Stanwix in 1784.

Around 1782, Brant married his third wife, Catherine Croghan, daughter of an Irishman and a Mohawk. With the war over, and the British having surrendered lands to the colonists and not to the Indians, Brant was faced with finding a new home for himself and his people. He discouraged further Indian warfare and helped the U.S. commissioners to secure peace treaties with the Miamis and other tribes. He retained his commission in the British Army and was awarded a grant of land on the Grand River in Ontario by Govenor Sir Frederick Haldimand of Canada in 1784. The tract of 675,000 acres encompassed the Grand River from its mouth to its source, six miles deep on either side. Brant led 1843 Iroquois Loyalists from New York State to this site where they settled and established the Grand River Reservation for the Mohawk. The party included members of all six tribes, but primarily Mohawk and Cayugas, as well as a few Delaware, Nanticoke, Tutelo, Creek, and Cherokee, who had lived with the Iroquois before the war. They settled in small tribal villages along the river. Sir Haldimand had hurriedly pushed through the land agreement before his term of office expired and was unable to provide the Indians with legal title to the property. For this reason, Brant again traveled to England in 1785. He succeeded in obtaining compensation for Mohawk losses in the U.S. War for Independence and received funds for the first Episcopal Church in Upper Canada, but failed to obtain firm title to the Grand River reservation. The legality of the transfer remains under question today.

Her Majesty's Chapel of the Mohawks was built in 1785 at the order of King George III. The simple wooden structure survives today as the oldest Protestant church in Ontario and is the only church outside the United Kingdom with the status of Chapel Royal. The church contains some lavish appointments including a silver service and bible dating from 1712 when Queen Anne had a church erected for the Mohawk on the Mohawk River in New York. Also erected for the Indians in 1785 was a saw and grist mill and a school.

Brant continued with his missionary work. He felt that his followers could learn much from observing the ways of the white man and made a number of land sales of reservation property to white settlers to this end, despite the unsettled ownership. He tried unsuccessfully to arrange a settlement between the Iroquois and the United States. He traveled in the American West promoting an all-Indian confederacy to resist land cessions. Late in his life, he continued the work he had begun as a young man of translating the Creed and important passages of the Old and New Testament into the Mohawk language. He was a man who studied and was able to internalize the better qualities of the white man while always remaining loyal and devoted to his people. Joseph Brant died on the reservation on August 24, 1807.

Bibliography

1. "Brant, Joseph," Dictionary of American Biography, 1927.

2. "Brant, Joseph," The Encyclopedia Americana, 1992.

3. "Brant, Joseph," The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 1991.

4. "Brantford," The New Encyclopedia Britannica, 1991.

5. "Cherry Valley Massacre," The Encyclopedia Americana, 1992.

6. Flick, A.C., "The Sullivan-Clinton Campaign of 1779," History of the State of New York, 1933-1937.

7. Green, Evarts Boutell, The Revolutionary Generation 1763-1790, 1943.

8. "Iroquois League," The new Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991.

9. Mathews, R. V., "In Defense of Joseph Brant," Conservationist, 31:41, March 1977.

10. Mitchell, Lt.Col. Joseph B., Discipline & Bayonets, 1967.

1. Monture, Ethel Brant, Famous Indians, 1960.

12. Van Steen, M., "Brantford's Royal Chapel," Canadian Geographical Journal, 57:136-41, October 1958.

13. Weaver, Sally M., "Six Nations of the Grand River, Ontario," Handbook North American Indians, 1978.

---

Indians Misc. A Pack of Wolves - American Buffalo - American Indian Names - Bear Hunting - Braided Hairstyles - Brown Bear - Buffalo Meat - Canoes - Canoe Building - Chief Crazy Horse - Chief Joseph - Chief Pontiac - Chief Seattle - Corn - Corn Bread - Coyote Facts - Coyote Fur - Crazy Horse - Crazy Horse Monument - Dances with Wolves - Drum Beats - Feathers - Fur Traders - Grizzly Bear - Horse Breeding - Horse Tattoo - How to Braid Hair - Indian Chief - Indian Fashion - Indian Feathers - Indian Food - Indian Food Recipes - Indian Grants - Indians Home - Indian Music - Indian Recipes - Indian Reservations - Indian Reservations 2 - Indian Songs - Indian Tattoos - Indian Women - Indigenous Peoples' Literature - Iroquois Longhouse - Longhouses - Palomino Horses - Planting Zones - Powwow - Timber Wolves - Tribal Dance - Tribal Music - Tribal Tattoos - Tribal Tattoo Designs - Rain Dance - Smoke Signals - Spear Fishing - Spirit Bear - Squaw - Thanksgiving - Welker's Bookmarks - White Buffalo - Wild Horses - Wild Wolves Indian Products American Indian Art - American Indian Jewelry - American Indian Pottery - Arrowheads - Baby Papoose - Beads - Bead Bracelet - Bead Jewelry - Bead Necklace - Bead Supplies - Black Hills Gold Jewelry - Bone Beads - Bow and Arrows - Braids - Braided Rugs - Buffalo Jerky - Buffalo Steak - Handmade Moccasins - Horse Blankets - Indian Art - Indian Artifacts - Indian Bridal Wear - Indian Clothes - Indian Dresses - Indian Drums - Indian Flag - Indian Flute - Indian Headdress - Indian Headress - Indian Jewelry - Indian Jewelry 2 - Indian Masks - Indian Motorcycles - Indian Movies - Indian Rugs - Indian Tepee - Indian Weapons - Indian Wedding Dresses - Native Flutes - Navajo Jewelry - Sterling Silver Jewelry - Teepees - Throwing Knives - Totem Poles - Tribal Decals - Turquoise - Turquoise Jewelry Indian Tribes American Indians - Anasazi Indians - Apache Indians - Apache Indian - Apache Tribes - Aztec Indians - Blackfoot Indians - Blackfoot Indian Tribe - Cherokee Indians - Cherokee Indian - Cherokee Tribes - Cheyenne Indians - Cheyenne Tribe - Choctaw Indians - Chumash Indians - Comanche Indians - Cree Indians - Creek Indians - Crow Indians - Hopi Indians - Iroquois Indians - Lakota Indians - Maya Indians - Mayan Indians - Mohawk Indians - Navajo Indians - Nez Perce Indians - Northwest Coast Indians - Paleo Indians - Pawnee Indians - Pueblo Indians - Plains Indians - Potawatomi Indians - Seminole Indians - Shawnee Indians - Sioux Indians - Sioux Indian Tribe - Sioux Tribe - Southwest Indians - The Mohawk Tribe - Wampanoag Indians Native American Native American Native Americans Native American Ancestry Native American Art Native American Artifacts Native American Artists Native American Art Gallery Native American Beadwork Native American Blankets Native American Books Native American Bracelets Native American Ceramics Native American Clothes Native American Clothing Native American Coins Native American Crafts Native American Culture Native American Dance Native American Dating Native American Demographics Native American DNA Native American Dolls Native American Drawings Native American Drums Native American Earrings Native American Figurines Native American Films Native American Flute Native American Food Native American Games Native American Genealogy Native American Genetics Native American Gifts Native American Gifts 2 Native American Headdress Native American Healing Native American Heritage Month Native American History Native American Indians Native American Indian Jewelry Native American Jewelry Native American Jewelry 2 Native American Law Native American Life Native American Market Native American Medicine Native American Medicine Wheel Native American Moccasins Native American Money Native American Month Native American Music Native American Names Native American Navajo Native American Necklace Native American Paintings Native American Peace Pipe Native American Poetry Native American Portraits Native American Pottery Native American Pow Wow Native American Products Native American Rattles Native American Rights Native American Rings Native American Rugs Native American Sand Painting Native American Sculptures Native American Spears Native American Spirituality Native American Stories Native American Tattoos Native American Tattoos Native American Tomahawks Native American Totem Pole Native American Totem Poles Native American Tribe Native American Tribes Native American Tribes 2 Native American Videos Native American Wolf Native American Words Native American Women Northwest Native American Art

Begin Your journey, learn the Steps to
Your Indian Ancestry
Beginners Lesson in Genealogy

Indians.org Home | Indigenous Peoples' Literature Index Page

The Tribal Directory

---

The Indigenous Peoples' Literature pages were researched and organized by Glenn Welker.